File and Directory Operations:

  • ls: List files and directories.
  • pwd: Print the current working directory.
  • cd: Change the current directory.
  • mkdir: Create a new directory.
  • rmdir: Remove a directory.
  • touch: Create an empty file.
  • rm: Remove files or directories.
  • cp: Copy files or directories.
  • mv: Move or rename files and directories.

    File Viewing and Editing:

  • cat: Concatenate and display file contents.
  • less or more: View file contents page by page.
  • nano or vim or emacs: Text editors for creating and editing files.
  • head and tail: Display the beginning or end of a file.

    File Permissions:

  • chmod: Change file permissions.
  • chown: Change file ownership.
  • Searching and Finding Files:
  • find: Search for files and directories.
  • grep: Search for text patterns in files.
  • locate: Quickly find files by name.
  • which: Find the location of an executable.

    Process Management:

  • ps: List running processes.
  • top or htop: Monitor system processes in real-time.
  • kill: Terminate processes.
  • killall: Terminate processes by name.

    System Information:

  • uname: Display system information.
  • df: Show disk space usage.
  • free: Display memory usage.
  • uptime: Show system uptime.
  • Package Management (Package Managers may vary by Linux distribution):
  • apt (Debian/Ubuntu), yum (Red Hat/CentOS), dnf (Fedora): Package management commands for installing, updating, and removing software packages.

    Networking:

  • ifconfig or ip: Display and configure network interfaces.
  • ping: Check network connectivity.
  • netstat: Network statistics.
  • ssh: Secure Shell for remote access.
  • scp: Securely copy files between hosts.

    Compression and Archiving:

  • tar: Archive files.
  • gzip or gunzip: Compress and decompress files.
  • zip or unzip: Create and extract zip archives.

    User and Group Management:

  • useradd and userdel: Add and delete user accounts.
  • passwd: Change user passwords.
  • groupadd and groupdel: Add and delete user groups.

    System Shutdown and Reboot:

  • shutdown: Shutdown or restart the system.
  • reboot: Reboot the system.